Delamination
A form of deterioration of tufted carpet in which the
primary back and face yarns separate from the secondary back.
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Delustering
Synthetic fibres with polymer additives and/or cross-section
design modification that limit its natural brightness or reflectivity.
Delustering improves soil-hiding characteristics, as it limits the
soil magnification that would occur with clear or shiny fibre.
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Denier
A weight-per-unit-length measure of filament fibres or yarns. Denier
is numerically equal to the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of fibre.
Denier is a direct numbering system in which the lower numbers represent
the finer sizes and the higher numbers the coarser sizes. In the U.S.,
the denier system is used for numbering filament yarns and man-made
fibre staple (but not spun yarns). The following denier terms are
in use:
--Decitex
The Canadian and European equivalent to denier; equals the total weight
in grams of 10,000 meters.
--Denier per filament (dpf)
The size of an individual filament (BCF or staple). Dpf is the weight
in grams of 9,000 meters of the individual filament. It can be calculated
by taking the yarn denier and dividing it by the number of filaments
in the yarn bundle. Common range of commercial carpet dpfs is 15 dpf
to 28 dpf.
--Yarn denier
The total weight in grams of 9,000 meters of a filament yarn bundle.
Common commercial carpet yarn deniers range from ~1,200d to 5,000d.
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Density
(See "Average
pile density.")
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Differential dyeability
Fibres which have different dye affinities
combined together to produce multicolour carpet from a single dyeing.
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Dimensional stability
The ability of carpet to retain its size
and shape once installed. Typically, dimensional stability is obtained
in tufted carpet by the application of a secondary back. In woven carpet,
dimensional stability is normally provided by choosing stable backing
yarns, especially the stuffer and filling, as well as by application
of latex to the completed carpet.
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Drawing
(Third stage of nylon production)
- The process of fibre stretching to align molecules after extrusion.
This process gives fibres greater tensile strength. This is done
in synthetic fibre production after the molten fibre strands harden.
- The process of pulling and thinning of sliver (combed staple
fibre strands) in the spinning of staple yarn. Multiple ends of
sliver are blended by feeding them through rollers at a slower speed
than their uptake. This causes the fibres to be pulled or drawn
and parallelized. The resultant finished sliver is ready to be spun
into yarn.
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Drop match
A drop match is a pattern that continues
across the carpet diagonally or at a 45-degree angle to the edge of
the seam.
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Solution Dyed Nylon® (only available in North America)
DSDN® fibre combines good value and quality in solution
dyed nylon carpets. It is made with Type 6,6 nylon.
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XTI®
XTI® nylon is a white, dyeable fibre
that combines good value and quality. It is made with Type 6,6 nylon.
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Duracolor®
A trademark of Lees Commercial Carpets for
their process which increases the stain resistance of their carpets
of Antron® Legacy™ nylon.
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DuraTech® (also known as Teflon® in Europe)
DuraTech® patented soil-resistance treatment
is the most durable fluorochemical/soil-release product available today.
DuraTech® is an integral part of the Antron® fibre system and
is available only on carpets of Antron® Legacy™ nylon and
Antron® Lumena™ solution dyed nylon. Only DuraTech® is durable enough
to withstand heavy traffic and multiple cleanings.
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Dye lot
A quantity of carpet dyed at one time or
made from yarn dyed at one time which is consistent in colour throughout
the fabric.
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Dye methods
–Beck dyed
A method of batch dyeing carpet. A piece dye method. The carpet
is sewn into a loop, then hung on a large reel in the dye beck unit
which moves the carpet through the dye liquor. This process is continued
for a set time and achieves Excellent colour uniformity throughout
the carpet.
–Continuous or "Kuster" dyed
A method of continuously dyeing carpet. A piece dye method. Kuster
manufactures a continuous dye machine that is commonly used. Printing
is another continuous dyeing process. Large lots of a single dye series
are possible with continuous dyeing, but side-to-side colour consistency
should be verified.
–Continuous solid colour dyed
A process of dyeing singles or plied yarn using dye rolls. The application
of dye is similar to continuous space dye process except that a single
colour is applied to the yarn. These solid colour yarns can be tufted
into multicoloured carpets.
–Package dyed
This is similar to skein dyeing inasmuch as undyed yarn is wound on
perforated tubes and the packages are dyed by passing dye liquor through
the packages under pressure.
–Pad dyed
A process of dyeing carpet, yarn or fibre stock continuously. The
material to be dyed passes through a trough containing the dye liquor
and then between heavy rollers which squeeze the dye liquor evenly
into the material.
–Skein dyed
A method of dyeing yarn. Undyed spun or filament yarns are plied and
heatset, then reeled into skein form and dyed in skein dye kettles.
–Solution dyed
Pigment is added to the molten polymer from which the filaments are
made. The fibre is extruded in coloured form.
–Space dyed
A method of dyeing yarn. Space dye refers to yarn with multiple colours
printed on each strand.
There are three basic processes used to create this effect: the warp
system, knit-de-knit process and continuous dye process.
- In the warp system, multiple strands of yarn are continuously
printed at spaced intervals with different colours. These yarns usually
have "long" spaces of each colour.
- In the knit-de-knit process, the yarn is first knitted into a
tubular fabric (sock), then is dyed to a solid colour and then overprinted
with up to seven different colours. These yarns usually have "short"
spaces of colour.
- In the continuous dye process, yarn is dyed as singles or plied
yarn and colour is applied either by air jet or dye rolls. This process
allows for yarns to have either long or short spaces of colour.
–Stock dyed
(Used for staple fibre only) Undyed, loose staple fibres are dyed
in a vat. They are then blended, carded and spun into yarn.
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